Frances Arnold's game-changing technique of "directed evolution" creates enzymes with unusual capabilities. Her own evolution made it possible.

Let's start off by understanding how a simple "open" differential works. The sequence of power distribution to the wheels starts from the pinion gear, which sends torque from the driveshaft to ...

This Review discusses recent advances in the molecular evolution of vertebrate organs, including rates of evolution of organs and cell types, molecular mechanisms of organ evolution and how complex ...