By analyzing the data from various space observatories and ground-based telescopes, European astronomers have performed a ...

While direct Raman detection without this physical offset yields a spectrum rich in the top layer information, an offset geometry collects the detectable Raman signal stimulated in nearly areas, ...

Three years ago, in the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, the passage of an "ultra-energetic" cosmic neutrino was observed—the ...

A common biological surface analysis technique breaks proteins up into smaller molecules that look identical. Reference spectra can help analyze these proteins for understanding diseases and creating ...