Improving the conduct and reporting of newer methodological approaches Causal inference, the multidisciplinary field focused ...

Outside the field of statistics, the literature on observational studies offers advice about research designs or strategies for judging whether or not an association is causal, such as multiple ...

Observational studies are critical in evaluating the long-term safety and effectiveness of new therapies on patients’ lives. However, two major shifts are significantly changing the research ...

Observational studies are emerging as fundamental sources of information about vaccine effectiveness outside the controlled environment of randomized trials, and they are being used to generate ...

However, sometimes data obtained from RCTs are incomplete, contradictory, or absent. Furthermore, the likelihood of the success or failure of the intervention is not identical in all individuals in ...

Medical research is essential for advancing the understanding of health, diseases, and treatments. There are many types of studies that serve different purposes. Medical research, or health research, ...